托福听力备考避免丢分高效学习攻略要点分享

　　托福听力想要避免丢分，考生需要从备考阶段就开始努力避免各类出错的可能性。今天小编给大家带来托福听力备考避免丢分高效学习攻略要点分享，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

　　托福听力备考避免丢分高效学习攻略要点分享

　　1. 单词是一切日常英语学习的基础

　　单词怎么背不仅是备考托福听力时，需要了解的方法，也是我们日常英语学习中必备的一项技能。背单词时最重要的一点是,不仅要了解单词的发音及拼写，还要了解单词的词性及意思，这是我们在日常背单词时最需要掌握的一种基本方法。怎么练托福听力才能取努力学习就会有回报，这个问题是需要考生及时解决的。

　　2. 提高听力技能离不开精听

　　很多同学认为精听很浪费时间，但是精听却是托福英语练习中不可缺少的一个提高听力的技巧。精听的材料可以选择老托福或者现在。对于水平在15分以下的同学可以选择老托福，15分以上的同学则可以选择现在.

　　3. 除了精听，泛听也不能丢

　　泛听的目的是确定每天都有一定量的英语输入，熟悉单词的读音，所以泛听可以选择一些闲散的时间去听，例如在公交车上的消磨或者是睡前的入睡曲。

　　4. 练习记听力笔记

　　听力笔记在我们练精听的时候，其实已经算是在记笔记了。这次的听力笔记主要是训练手和脑子的协调度，做到边听边写，听和写不会互相影响的一种操作。把记听力笔记的速度提上去就能够让我们的精听变得更加流畅。

　　5. 注意关注听力原文中的信号词考点

　　在练习听力的时候要不断加强对信号词的敏感度，提高听力中抓重要信息的能力，也就是一般托福听力备考资料中所讲解的conversation & lecture考点。

　　2020托福听力练习：格陵兰鲨鱼是脊椎动物界寿星

　　By human standards, a few vertebrate species have incredible longevity. Some tortoises live for nearly 200 years. Bowhead whales can live even a decade or two longer. But now there's a new champion: the Greenland shark—which conservative estimates have swimming in the seas for almost three centuries.

　　Julius Nielsen is a marine biologist and PhD student at the University of Copenhagen. While on a research vessel in Greenland where such sharks were accidentally caught, Nielsen became curious about the creatures.

　　"And perhaps the biggest of all the mysteries were how long do these sharks actually live. Because it has been expected that they can get very old, and that's based on some observations of very, very slow growth...so the longevity could be exceptional and extreme, but it has just never been possible to investigate."

　　That's because Greenland sharks don't have the same body structures used for gauging the age of most fish or even other sharks. So Neilsen and colleagues used a new technique based on the lens of the eye. The centers of the lenses can be analyzed by radiocarbon dating to determine about when the shark was born. They tested 28 female sharks.

　　"And what we found was that the biggest shark in our analysis, and also the oldest shark, was estimated—the most likely single year age was almost approximately 390 years."

　　Nielsen stresses that the estimate contains a fair amount of uncertainty. Though the likeliest age is 390, the shark could be as young as a mere 272. "That still makes the Greenland shark the longest-living vertebrate known to science." And at the upper limit, it's possible that the shark is more than 500 years old. The study is in the journal Science.

　　Also shocking: the researchers estimate that the sharks live at least a century before they reach sexual maturity. "And of course it is absolutely amazing and difficult for a human mind to understand that sexual reproduction begins so late in life."

　　In the paper Nielsen and his colleagues stress the importance of caution and conservation. "And the thing about Greenland sharks is just we don't know how many sharks are out there. But it's clear that if you reach sexual maturity above 100 years then you are potentially sensitive to any kind of high bycatch rate and any kind of future commercial exploitations."

　　With a century to do it, humans could inadvertently wipe out the entire next generation of these sharks during their long, slow adolescence.

　　按照人类的标准，有一些脊椎动物的寿命长得令人难以置信。有些海龟活了将近200年。弓头鲸甚至可以比海龟多活一二十年。但是现在人们发现了新的长寿王：格陵兰鲨鱼，据保守估计，它们已经在海里生活了将近3个世纪。

　　尤利乌斯·尼尔森是海洋生物学家兼哥本哈根大学博士生。格陵兰岛的一艘考察船意外捕获了一些鲨鱼，尼尔森开始对这个生物感到好奇。

　　“可能最大的谜团是格陵兰鲨鱼到底能活多长时间。观察格陵兰鲨鱼后发现，它们生长的速度非常非常缓慢，不过它们也会变老，所以它们的长寿现象可能是非常罕见的，但是此前却一直未能进行研究。”

　　这是因为格陵兰鲨鱼不具备大多数鱼类甚至其他鲨鱼可以测量年龄的身体结构。所以尼尔森和同事采用了一项以眼睛晶状体为基础的新技术。可以通过放射性碳分析镜片的中心，来决定鲨鱼出生的时间。研究人员检测了28头雌性鲨鱼。

　　“我们发现，研究中最大的鲨鱼，同时也是最年长的鲨鱼，其年龄约为390岁。”

　　尼尔森强调称，这种预测包含很多不确定性。尽管这只鲨鱼最有可能的年龄是390岁，但它可能只有272岁。“尽管如此，格陵兰鲨鱼仍是迄今为止科学界发现的最为长寿的脊椎动物。”若往年长估计，该鲨鱼可能已经500多岁了。该研究结果发表在《科学》杂志上。

　　同样令人震惊的是：研究人员估计格陵兰鲨鱼至少要到100岁才能达到性成熟。“当然对人类来说这绝对是相当惊人的，人类思维很难理解有性繁殖开始的这么晚。”

　　尼尔森和同事在文章中强调了关心和保护格陵兰鲨鱼的重要性。“有关格陵兰鲨鱼我们不知道的是世上有多少这种鲨鱼。但是很显然，如果在100岁以后才能达到性成熟 ，那么其对高捕捉率和未来商业开发都是非常敏感的。”

　　因为需要一个世纪的时间，在格陵兰鲨鱼漫长而缓慢的青春期内，人类可能一不小心就会毁灭格陵兰鲨鱼的下一代。

　　讲解：

　　1. be based on 以…为基础;

　　例句：That opera is based on an actual occurrence.

　　那部歌剧是根据真实的故事编写的。

　　2. at least (数量)至少，不少于;

　　例句：At least 500 people attended the conference.

　　至少500人参加了这个会议。

　　3. be sensitive to 过敏的;易受影响的;敏感的;

　　例句：His pallid skin was sensitive to the glaring sun.

　　他苍白的皮肤对耀眼的阳光很敏感。

　　4. wipe out 摧毁;毁灭;使灭绝;

　　例句：The disease threatens to wipe out the entire population.

　　这种疾病有可能毁灭整个种群。

　　2020托福听力练习：杀虫剂充当蜜蜂避孕药

　　Over the last year, beekeepers in the U.S. lost nearly half their honeybee hives. And there are a lot of suspected culprits for this so-called beepocalypse—from parasitic mites, to viruses, to simple land use changes. But a study out earlier this year pointed to another possibility: poor sperm quality among the drone bees, leading to colony crashes. And now another group of researchers may have found a reason for the subpar sperm: neonicotinoid pesticides. These substances contain chemicals similar to nicotine and affect insect nervous systems.

　　"So for the drones that were exposed to pesticides during development, it appears there were more dead sperm in their reproductive tracts." Geoff Williams, an entomologist at the University of Bern in Switzerland and Agroscope, a Swiss federal research facility.

　　Williams and his colleagues studied the effects of two neonicotinoid pesticides on honeybee drones, genetically assigned to mate with queens. "They've got really big eyes so they can identify these queens flying through the air. They eat and have sex. Or try to have sex at least."

　　But in 20 honeybee hives Williams and his collaborators found that those drones exposed to standard environmental levels of the pesticides were shorter-lived, thus having fewer opportunities to mate. And even if the drones did survive, they had nearly 40 percent fewer living sperm than did control bees—meaning the pesticides were acting like honeybee contraceptives. The study appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

　　Williams says pesticides are just one of many factors assaulting bees. But it looks like the way farmers treat some crops could adversely affect the pollinators those crops also rely on.

　　去年，美国养蜂者损失了近一半的蜂箱。对于这次蜜蜂灾难，有很多疑似“罪魁祸首”——如病毒寄生、土地利用的简单变化等。但是今年初发表的一项研究指出了另外一种可能：雄峰的精子质量不良，导致了这场种族灾难。现在，另一组研究人员发现了雄峰精子质量不正常的原因：烟碱类农药杀虫剂。这些农药中含有类似尼古丁的物质，这种物质会影响蜜蜂的神经系统。

　　“雄峰在成长程中接触了杀虫剂，这导致其生殖系统中产生了更多的死精子。”杰夫·威廉姆斯是瑞士伯尔尼大学和瑞士联邦农业研究院的昆虫学家。

　　威廉姆斯和同事研究了两种烟碱类农药对雄峰的影响，确切地来说，是对和蜂后交配的雄蜂的影响。“这些雄蜂的眼睛非常大，所以它们可以识别出在空中飞行的蜂后，它们一起吃和交配。或至少尝试交配。”

　　但是在威廉姆斯和同事们研究的20个蜂箱中，这些雄蜂接触了标准环境水平的杀虫剂后，寿命会减少，从而使其与蜂后交配的机会减少。即使雄蜂能存活下来，但其活精子的数量与实验室的蜜蜂相比减少了40%，这就相当于农药充当了蜜蜂的避孕药。该项研究结果发表在《协会B》杂志上。

　　威廉姆斯表示，杀虫剂只是使蜜蜂受冲击的因素之一。看起来农民处理农作物的方式也会对这些农作物依赖的授粉者产生不利影响。

　　讲解：

　　1. point to 显示;表明;

　　例句：Earlier reports pointed to pupils working harder, more continuously, and with enthusiasm.

　　早些时候的报告显示学生学习更为刻苦、持久，并且怀有学习热情。

　　2. be exposed to 使暴露于(险境);使遭受(危险或不快);

　　例句：This plant can't be exposed to strong sunshine.

　　这种植物不能暴露在强光下。

　　3. even if 即使;尽管;纵然;

　　例句：Even if she is responsible for the mistake, she is not likely to own up to it.

　　即使是她犯的错，她也不太可能会爽快承认的。

　　4. rely on 依赖;依靠;

　　例句：We will get nowhere if we rely on luck.

　　如果我们只依靠运气，那将一事无成。

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